Drivers Of The Recent Wave Of Globalisation Economics Essay

Drivers Of The up scoop out Wave Of globalization Economics EssayGlobalisation describes the ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures change by reversal integ stepd through a orbiculate spanning network of communication, cultural diffusion, travel and foxiness. The phenomenon of globalisation has been present since the start of the nineteenth century and it has nowadays been established as perhaps the most vigorous force regulate contemporary society, business, management and economics.The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalisation, in opposite words the reduction and removal of barriers between study borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, operate and labour, (1). The unrestricted flow of in organic law, ideas and cultural valuates add to the globalisation processes promoting converging market preferences and market-driven open economies. Although a situation of perfect integration (called homogenisa tion), where ideas and comforts argon characterised by a global commonality does not exist (2), business orientation becomes more global based on the belief that the world is comme il faut more homogeneous and that distinctions between national markets are not only diminishing but, for some products, go away eventually disappear (3).Recently the problem of business globalisation has become more evident worldwide. make up the most successful and nearly-established companies cannot survive on home(prenominal) sales alone, if they are in global industries such as banking, consumer electronics, travel go, entertainment, etc. It is, hence, useful to identify a number of key drivers, which affect the organise of economies and markets. According to George S. Yip, it is possible to define globalization drivers in four areasMarket DriversCost DriversGovernmental Drivers contender DriversThe drivers of globalisation are a combination of many factors which have lead businesses to look outside their domestic markets for growth opportunities (4). It is usually the combined effect of just some of these separate factors that have more of staidness rather than all of the factors separately. In the next section the first three globalisation drivers are leave behindd analysed.Further investigationMarket DriversMarket drivers refer to global market crossing, in other words, the change magnitude similarity of consumer tastes and product preferences in trustworthy markets, as evidenced by the generality of global brands in certain markets.Market globalisation drivers depend on customer behaviour and the structure of distribution networks. These factors are analysed in more detail belowCommon customer needs product and technology are transferred by means of communication throughout countries with similar needs. Some products such as Coca-Cola, McDonalds, KFC, etc. have been luscious to many countries.Global customers not only consumer needs become more similar but besides firms operating in globalised markets become global customers and may search for suppliers who can operate on a global basis.Global market channels free trade, which was facilitated by regional trade blocks such as the formation of EU and NAFTA, and falling trade barriers have formed globe-spanning channels that enable companies to distribute goods and provide services internationally. For example, Carrefour and Wal-Mart have developed global channels to distribute products. Deloitte and HSBC have expanded their services worldwide.Lead countries some countries have built up reputation in certain manufacturing industries. For instance, Japan is well known for consumer electronics, Switzerland for watches as well as its banking system, USA for computer software, etc.Transferable marketing and global branding Adidas, Top Shop, IBM, Toyota, Apple, Samsung, Kodak, Vodafone have become local brands in the global environment.Global market convergence is measured by the percentage o f worldwide sales attributed to standardized products. We have the example of NOKIA here, which increased its Indian market share from a mere 300,000 subscribers in 1996 to a whopping 55 million subscribers in 2004 (5). More and more global brands are brought to life, with the percentage of worldwide sales attributed to them continuously increasing.Cost DriversGlobalisation of the productive process allows firms to choose concentrating or dispersing value adding activities around the world according to the location advantages to be obtained.The cost advantage obtained affects activity concentration and depends on the following factorsGlobal scale and scope economies national markets cannot be large enough for a domestic business to achieve all economies of scale and scope. A global organisation can expand and coordinate internal production and operations to increase its value through a combination of manufacturing, put downd delivery cost and economies of scale. The aim is to join multiple markets and contend a standardized product in several countries, increase overall sales thereby cut down the cost per unit of development, concentrate selected value activities and convert production in response to exchange rate fluctuations (6).Figure 1 shows the rise of standardized IT serves. Almost 60% out of the 340 companies of the survey admitted a satisfying benefit of using standardized products due to lower production and services be of the product, lower operations costs and easier deployment (7).Figure The Rise of Standardized IT ServersSourcing efficiencies centralized purchasing of new materials can significantly reduce the costs.We have two categories of sourcing efficiencies outsourcing and offshoring.Outsourcing is when a company relocates a whole process, a piece of a process, a function, or a discrete piece of work outside of its own corporate boundaries. India has been the most popular outsourcing destination the last decade.Off-shoring refers to t he relocation of a whole process, a piece of a process, a function, or a discrete piece of work outside the geographic boundaries. The work can be through in an offshore location either within the boundaries of the company or outside the boundaries of the company.Favourable logistics A favorable ratio of sales to transportation costs enhances the ability of the company to concentrate production. Other factors are negligible need of location close to customers, absence of time urgency, even the shape of the product.Favourable logistics is the main reason retailing accounts for 75% of logistics activity in China. The sector is also stretched to the breaking point. The total discourse capacity of Chinas coastal ports is already over one billion tons, and capacity is increasing quickly. Not quickly enough though (8).Knowledge and experience some industries are characterised by an emphasis on creating value from new ideas and concepts, the so called knowledge-based industries. The acc umulation of alien market expertise can be highly practiced for technology intensive many sectors like software development, engineering services and biotechnology. Other areas include financial services and pharmaceuticals. The steeper the knowledge and experience curve, the higher(prenominal) the benefit.We have the pillowcase of increasing workforce existence educated in Western countries and returning to their Eastern located home countries.Product development costs product development costs are rising due to short life of products that require higher return on investiture, e.g. airlines, communications, pharmaceuticals, etc. These costs can be reduced by developing a few global or regional products rather than many national products.Differences in country costs and skills Factor costs vary across country. The availability of specific skills also varies. Concentration of activities in low-cost or high skill countries can increase productivity and decrease costs. Managers, however, have to anticipate the risk of infection of training future offshore competitors.Governmental DriversThe increased globalisation of financial markets, the fading of trade barriers and the formation of global alliances provide firms with the opportunity to take advantage of beneficial national regulations.Unrestrictive trade and investment policies Reduction of tariff barriers, creation of trading blocks, decline in role of government, reduction in non-tariff barriers, shift in open market economies, increase in level of world trade, increase in foreign acquires of corporation, increased formation of global strategic alliances and globalization of financial markets are all favourable trade policies that promote globalisation of industries and services.Compatible technical standards differences in technical standards, especially government imposed standards, cumber the extremity to which products can be standardized. For example Motorola products were withdrawn from the J apanese market because they were operating at a higher frequency than permitted.Common marketing regulations the marketing environment can also affect the extent to which global marketing policies can be applied. Certain types of media can be prohibited or restricted. For example, it is the case that in many countries advertisements showing children toys are either not allowed or allowed after a particular time of the day.Globalisation drivers are revealed by the increasing percentage of countries that possess uniform or mutually- recognise technical standards, increasing staring from US and Canada, EU to China which recently became an open economy.